نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 7 (پیاپی 134، مهر 1402)

Today, due to increasing population growth and land use changes and its impact on the environment, monitoring and modeling land use changes is one of the main prerequisites for optimum use of land and achieving sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and predict the spatial and temporal dynamics of land use in the county of Sardasht, in order to obtain basic information for planning in line with sustainable forest management.

 Data from the Landsat 7 images (+ETM) 2003, and Landsat 8 (OLI) 2015 were analyzed. The Maximum Likelihood algorithm has been used to mapping the land use for the years. The analysis of the change dynamics using traditional Markov Chain and Cellular Automata was predicted for the next 25 years.

The overall accuracy of classified images in 2003 and 2015 was 89% and 94%, respectively, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.87 and 0.92. The results showed that during the period, bout 7% of the forest area has decreased and the agricultural lands has increased by 72%. According to the Markov transmission probability matrix the classes most affected by these changes is the forests and rangelands that changed to agricultural and residential.

 Changes in the extent of forests until 2040 show that the area of forests will decrease continuously. The results of current study could provide quantitative information, which represents a base for assessing the sustainability in the management of Zagros forest ecosystems and for taking actions to mitigate degradation.

Considering the gradual evolution and expansion of the effective role of human resources in increasing the effectiveness of the quality of services available over time, experts have enumerated several functions for their development based on the dynamics of strategic processes. One of these strategic functions is the capabilities of human resources to improve the quality of services. In fact, human resource capabilities range from psychological characteristics to responsible and social characteristics in individual actions that develop an organization's capacity to provide better services to customers. The Purpose of this research is Pathology of sustainable performance of green human resources.

 In this study, theoretical screening based on similar research was used to identify the components (pathology of human resource performance management) and research propositions (Ambidextrous Learning themes).

Then, Delphi analysis was used to determine the reliability of research components and propositions. In the quantitative part, the components and propositions identified in the form of matrix questionnaires were evaluated by interpretive analysis by 22 human resource managers, officials and experts at the banking level.

The results showed in terms of perceptual improvement capabilities; Explaining job perception conflicts with the aim of increasing the level of knowledge of human resources directly affects the level of human resource participation in skill promotion goals and creating a fit between specialized strategies and educational needs assessment.

Zayandehrood River is the largest river of central Iran, which passes through the city of Isfahan. This river has constantly contributed to the growth of Isfahan and, throughout the history, has provided the city with a green landscape, despite the hot and arid climate of the region. Moreover, Madies are neighborhood aqua-ducts from Zayandehrood, initially developed for agricultural purposes and, as the city developed, turned into greenways for urban fabric. These aqua-ducts have been one of the major infrastructural elements of neighborhoods with key ecological and social roles. Recently, Zayandehrood’s drying up has become one of the most important incidents with devastating impacts on Isfahan and its local communities. Madies’ drying up has had negative impacts on the neighborhoods’ sense of place as well as local communities’ lives. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the resilience of two local communities in the vicinity of Madies in Isfahan, namely Abbas Abad and Barazandeh districts.

 This research incorporated survey and secondary data analysis to evaluate the resilience of these communities. The research was conducted based on a pre-developed community resilience framework. Overall, 22 authorities and experts from the Municipality of Isfahan and 379 residents from the two local communities were surveyed. Afterwards, the resulting data was analyzed quantitatively through SPSS software.

The findings show that the overall community resilience level is below the moderate level. The lowest score, belonging to local institutional/governance factors, is 1.7 and the highest score is 3.25, a few points higher than the moderate level. The latter score belongs to spatio-physical factors in Abbas Abad district.

 Community resilience is not limited to the ability of communities in withstanding  adverse situations. Although the local communities of Isfahan are apparently accustomed to the status quo, the overall score of community resilience of these communities is below the moderate level. Therefore, there should be strategies to enhance the resilience of local communities in the city.

Today, due to the occurrence of environmental crises, having environmental knowledge and attitude for students, considering their effective role in society, is essential. Environmental knowledge increases sensitivity to environmental issues, and environmental attitudes lead to active participation in environmental protection, as it reinforces values and concerns about the environment. So the main goal of this study is to investigate the environmental knowledge and attitude levels of Payame Noor students.

 The statistical population consists of all the students of the Lavasanat, Tehran Jonoob and Shahr Rey units of Tehran Payame Noor university (N=12306). Based on Krejcie and Morgan's table, a sample of 385 students was chosen and data was collected based on a standardized three-part questionnaire (demographic, knowledge, attitude) that was used in similar studies and its validity has been confirmed by the experts in the field and Cronbach's alpha for reliability assessment for knowledge and attitude items were 0.70 and 0.81 respectively.

Based on the results, students' environmental knowledge is at a high level and their environmental attitude is at the desired level. The variables of age and marital status are significantly correlated with the level of students' knowledge and attitudes, while there is no significant correlation between the variables of gender, field of study and academic unit with the level of knowledge and attitudes. The results also indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between environmental knowledge and attitudes.

The high level of environmental knowledge and attitude of the students under study can have a significant impact on their environmental behavior and lead to responsible environmental behavior.

Daylight has a positive effect on people's health, employee productivity and property value. However, with the growth of high-rise buildings in populated cities, access to natural light for the lower floors are challenging. Atrium is one of the strategies for bringing daylight to these floors. Atrium’s daylight performance can be evaluated before construction thanks to computer simulations. Until now, daylight simulation has been limited to one cloudy sky condition. With the help of new methods of computer simulation of daylight, it is possible to study the effects of sun angles and sky conditions throughout the entire hours of a year. This development has made it possible to apply the direct sunlight component to the simulation and study its impacts of architectural features that are related to it. This study focuses on the effect of the angle of inclination of the inner walls of the atrium on the daylight performance of adjacent rooms.

 Different angles of the atrium in the north and south direction have been studied by the method of "Climate-based daylight modeling" for the city of Tehran. (sDA), (ASE) and (UDI) are daylight metrics which have been used in computer simulations.

The inclination of the inner walls of the atrium at an angle of 20 degrees to the south improves all three criteria mentioned in the lower floors of it. However, the inclination of the atrium walls to the north, not only reduces the daylight in the lower parts, but also increases the glare in the upper floors.

Although the effect of inclination angle on daylight performance of atrium is not as prominent as other factors, the designer can maximize this effect in the early stages of design, with the correct arrangement and prioritization of spaces to benefit from daylight.

Nowadays, the design, architecture and urban beautification by solar panels to absorb clean energy that leads to the reduction of greenhouse gases and environmental pollution have attracted the attention of architects and engineers. In this article, due to the importance of the subject, a model is presented to obtain the most optimal angle of the panels to obtain the highest efficiency, so that the highest possible efficiency can be obtained by examining the different angles of placing the panels towards the sun in different components of the building.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and has a quantitative approach. In this article, a 2 kW power plant, separated from the electricity distribution network, located in Almanabad area of Urmia city, has been selected, and by entering its specifications in the PVsyst software and performing simulation, the information related to the produced energy for all months has been examined.

The results show that The results showed that installing solar panels in different parts of the building with optimal angles creates the highest efficiency in all months. The comparison of the efficiency calculated in the optimal angles extracted from the software and the practical efficiency in the sample power distribution plant shows that the energy produced in both cases has a slight difference, which shows the confirmation of the simulations.

If the solar panels are set at the most optimal possible angle every month, they will have 5.8% more efficiency than the fixed state during a year. Therefore, in this research, various plans for urban design and beautification by solar panels are suggested, which in addition to maintaining efficiency, have a suitable design in terms of Iranian architecture.

It seems that today's human environmental identity, which is itself threatened, also threatens the environment. Environmental identity is all kinds of methods that people use to justify and interpret their relationship to the earth as manifested in their personality, values, actions, and feelings. The aim of the present study is to assess the environmental identity in Iranian society among university students based on the Susan Clayton Environmental Identity Questionnaire. This questionnaire, in a way, measures the opinions, views, feelings, sense of belonging to the environment and people's experiences of the environment in a wide range and dimensions. Identifying the environmental identity in any society will be the first step in planning to enhance the environmental identity of individuals and, consequently, change behavior towards the environment to prevent its destruction.

Using Morgan’s Table and Convenience Sampling, in this quantative research, 280 freshman and postgraduate students in English language and literature at Hakim Sabzevari University of Sabzevar, Lorestan University, Khayyam University of Mashhad, Islamic Azad University, Torbat Heydarieh Branch and the Tabaran Institute of Higher Education of Mashhad were asked to answer Susan Clayton's Environmental Identity questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions that students answered in 40 minutes. Data were entered into SPSS software. To analyze the data, the independent samples t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used, and the views of the two groups were compared.

Findings showed that education and age of people had no effect on their attitude towards the environment and their environmental identity, but their gender had an effect on their attitude towards the environment and, consequently, their environmental identity.

It may claim that when planning for an environmental protection program, the gender of people should be considered as a significant variable because the gender of individuals has an impact on formation of their environmental identity. Although the variables of age and education in this study did not show significant differences in the environmental identity of the participants, this does not mean that they should be ignored in environmental planning.

In recent years, the debate over the environmental sustainability of agricultural productions is increased widely. In this context, environmental impacts of potato production in the Hamadan province (the largest producer of potatoes in Iran) were studied.

In this research, life cycle assessment approach was used to identify and reduce environmental impacts. Data were collected by face to face interview with farmers in Nahavand (2020-2021). The CML IA method was selected to impact assessment. The environmental impact were assessed for impact categories including involved the global warming potential, depletion of fossil fuel resources potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and human toxicity potential. Producing one ton of potatoes was determined as a functional unit.

The results showed that the production of one-ton potato consumes 1774.75 MJ energy. It emits 125.52 kg CO2eq, 5.04 kg SO2eq, 1.34 kg PO4eq, 69.4 kg 1,4-DBeq that respectively are involved the global warming potential, depletion of fossil fuel resources potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and human toxicity potential.

The analyses revealed that the production of chemical fertilizers and electricity had highest effects on global warming, depletion of fossil fuels and human toxicity. Also, direct emissions from the field because of nitrogen and phosphoric compound in fertilizers had highest effects on eutrophication and acidification.

Severe land use change in recent decades has affected the ability of ecosystems to provide services, so it is necessary to be aware of the trend of these changes and their impact on ecosystem services for sustainable land management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of land use change on biodiversity services in the Shafarood watershed in Gilan province.

The present study consists of three steps: 1) Extraction of past and present land use maps using Landsat satellite images using ENVI 5.3 and ArcGIS 10.3 software 2) Prediction and extraction of future land use maps using Scenario Generator tool of InVEST software and finally 3) Quantitative evaluation and modeling and mapping of ecosystem services related to biodiversity using the Habitat Quality model of InVEST software.

The results showed that habitat quality has decreased sharply over time under the influence of land use changes, and habitat degradation has increased sharply so that the average habitat quality for the entire study area for 2000, 2020, and 2040 are equal to 0.88, 0.64, and 0.41respectively. Also, the average habitat destruction for the whole Shafarood watershed in 2000 is equal to 0.0021, in 2020 equal to 0.0042, and for 2040 equal to 0.0061.

According to the obtained results, it can be argued that the increase of human development activities with the aim of acquiring and exploiting natural lands has caused irreparable damage to the structure of natural lands and plant and animal habitats and the continuation of such a process will lead to the risk of complete destruction of these unique resources.

Energy balance is a suitable tool for assessing the effects of production on environment with considering the amount of fossil fuels used and the amount of energy output. In the present study, input-output energy ratio and energy efficiency of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in three ways: conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave was investigated.Material and In this study the energy inputs such as waste cooking oil, methanol, catalyst, electricity and energy for biodiesel production and output of energy, including biodiesel, glycerin, excess alcohol, water, soap, monoglycerides and diglyceride to estimate energy efficiency were calculated. The consumed energy for the methods of conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave were found 33.73, 35.75 and 34.39 MJ/L, respectively. The energy efficiency of biodiesel production in conventional, using ultrasound irradiation and using microwave were calculated 0.87, 0.80 and 0.77 respectively.  Discussion and Among the mentioned methods of biodiesel production in the present study, using ultrasound irradiation in the process of biodiesel production was found as the best method in terms of input-output energy ratio and energy efficiency. The using ultrasound irradiation with the renewability index of 75% was also found as the most renewable process among the studied methods.